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Note To review factoring, go back to 3B: Multiplying Algebraic Expressions. If you are comfortable with the notion of what an equation is, go on to Part B: Solving Polynomial Equations.
Q What is an equation?
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An equation is the statement that two mathematical expressions are equal. In other words, it consists of two mathematical expressions separated by an equal sign. The letters that occur in an equation signify numbers. Some stand for well-known numbers, such as A solution to an equation in one or more unknowns is an assignment of numerical values to each of the unknowns, so that when these values are substituted for the unknowns, the equation becomes a true statement about numbers. Example of an Equation
is a linear equation in two unknowns, x and y. A solution to this equation is x = 2, y = 5, or (2, 5), since substituting 2 for x and 5 for y yields the true statement
Other solutions are (0, 7), (0.5, 6.5), and (-2, 9). We could also think of x + y = 7 as an equation in two variables, as the numbers x and y could stand for quantities that can vary. For example, x could stand for the number of days per week you attend math class and y for the number of days per week you don't attend math class. The equation x + y = 7 then amounts to the statement that there are a total of seven days in the week. If you knew the number x, you could find the remaining unknown, y. An equation in one unknown has exactly one variable, and the Courier x is traditionally reserved for that purpose (like most traditions, it is not strictly followed) Examples Equations in One Unknown Here are a few equations in one unknown:
x2 - 3x + 2 = 0 4x4 + 11x2 + 9 = 0 x5 - 10x + 5 = 0 x0.5 -2x2 = 4x |
Here are some for you.
There are two methods of solving an equation: analytical and numerical. To solve an equation analytically means to obtain exact solutions using algebraic rules. To solve it numerically means to use a computer or a graphing calculator to obtain solutions. In this appendix, we shall concentrate on the analytical approach.
We should point out that almost anything can happen when you try to solve an equation. Here are the possibilities, illustrated by examples.
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1. Unique Solution
Sometimes the solution is not so easy to find. Often, it cannot be found at all analytically. An example is x5-10x+10 = 0, whose unique real solution can only be found numerically. 2. Two or More Solutions
Just as in the case of a unique solution, multiple solutions may not be easy to find. An example is x5-10x+5 = 0, whose three real solutions can only be found numerically. 3. No Solutions
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Mentally solve the following equations for x. (That is, try to solve them by writing down as little as possible.)
The above tutorial covers only a portion Section A.5 of the Algebra Review in Applied Calculus and Finite Mathematics and Applied Calculus. Before attempting all the exercises there, we suggest you first go on to Part B of this tutorial: solving polynomial equations.
, c (the speed of light: 3
108m/sec) or e (the base of natural logarithms: 2.71828 . . .). Some stand for variables or unknowns. Variables are quantities (such as length, height, or number of items) that can have many possible values, while unknowns are quantities whose values you may be asked to determine. The distinction between variables and unknowns is fuzzy, and mathematicians often use these terms interchangeably.